Although knowledge generation does not necessarily lead to innovation, South African patent applications granted in the United States between 1996 and 2016 (an indicator historically regarded as relevant, but becoming increasingly less of a focus as foreign markets change and technology types evolve) have not grown significantly. However, Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) applications increased 100-fold over the 20-year period. Over the same period, there were significant increases in trademark applications. Although these represent goods and services in the market, they cannot be viewed as a proxy for innovation performance.